Rosatom

Rosatom State Atomic Energy Corporation was established in 2007 by the Russian government under President Vladimir Putin’s restructuring of Russia’s nuclear complex into a single, unified state enterprise. Rosatom consolidated what had been a fragmented system of agencies, federal enterprises, and research institutions covering every aspect of the nuclear fuel cycle into one vertically integrated corporation. Its current Director General is Alexey Likhachev, who was appointed in 2016. Rosatom is headquartered in Moscow and employs approximately 350,000 people across over 350 enterprises and organizations.

Rosatom operates across the full nuclear lifecycle: uranium mining and conversion (through subsidiaries including ARMZ and Uranium One, one of the world’s largest uranium producers), uranium enrichment (TVEL, which enriches approximately 36% of the world’s reactor uranium and is the monopoly supplier of fuel for Soviet-era RBMK and VVER reactors worldwide), nuclear fuel fabrication, nuclear power plant design and construction (ASE Group, also known as Atomstroyexport), nuclear plant operations (Rosenergoatom, which operates all of Russia’s 37 operating reactors), spent fuel management and reprocessing, and decommissioning. Rosatom also develops advanced reactor technology including the BN-800 and BN-1200 fast sodium reactors, and the BREST-OD-300 lead-cooled fast reactor under construction at Seversk.

Rosatom is wholly funded by the Russian state. It generated revenues exceeding 2.5 trillion rubles (approximately $25 billion) annually before the 2022 invasion of Ukraine, though subsequent Western sanctions created significant complications for its international business relationships.

Rosatom is by a wide margin the world’s largest nuclear construction company. As of 2026, it is simultaneously building more nuclear reactors outside its home country than any other organization — with active construction projects in India (Kudankulam), Egypt (El Dabaa), Turkey (Akkuyu), Bangladesh (Rooppur), China (Tianwan), Belarus, Hungary (Paks II), and others. Its standard export reactor, the VVER-1200, is a Generation III+ pressurized water reactor. Rosatom launched the Akademik Lomonosov in 2019 — the world’s first operational floating nuclear power plant. Despite Western sanctions since 2022, Rosatom has continued nuclear construction activity in most partner countries, with several exceptions. The organization presents a complex dual profile: a leading advanced nuclear technology company with significant global deployment capacity, and a state corporation whose activities are entangled with Russian geopolitical objectives.